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Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition

The epithelial–mesenchyme transition (EMT) may be a procedure by which epithelial cells lose their cell polarity and cell-cell adhesion, and increase migratory and aggressive properties to become mesenchyme stem cells; these are multipotent stromal cells which will distinguish into a spread of cell types. EMT is important for varied developmental processes including mesoderm formation and ectoderm formation. EMT has also been shown to happen in wound healing, in organ fibrosis and within the beginning of metastasis in cancer progression.

Epithelial–mesenchyme transition was first documented as a feature of embryogenesis by Betty Hay within the 1980s. EMT, and its reverse process, MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition) are dangerous for development of the many tissues and organs within the developing embryo, and various emergent events like gastrulation, neural crest formation, heart valve creation, secondary palate development, and myogenesis. Epithelial and mesenchyme cells differ in phenotype also as function, though both share intrinsic plasticity. Epithelial cells are closely connected to every other by tight junctions, gap junctions and adherens junctions, have an apico-basal polarity, divergence of the actin cytoskeleton and are bound by a basal lamina at their basal surface. Mesenchymal cells, on the opposite hand, lack this polarization, have a spindle-shaped morphology and interrelate with one another only through focal points. Epithelial cells express high levels of E-cadherin, whereas mesenchyme cells direct those of N-cadherin, fibronectin and vimentin. Thus, EMT entails profound morphological and phenotypic variations to a cell.

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