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Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal cancer is cancer arising from the esophagus—the food pipe that runs between the throat and therefore the stomach. Symptoms often include difficulty in swallowing and weight loss. Other symptoms may include pain when swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") round the collarbone, a dry cough, and possibly ejection or vomiting blood. The disease is diagnosed by biopsy done by an endoscope (a fiberoptic camera). Prevention includes stopping smoking and eating a healthy diet. Treatment relies on the cancer's stage and placement, along with the person's general condition and individual preferences. Small localized squamous-cell cancers could also be treated with surgery alone with the hope of a cure. In most other cases, chemotherapy with or without actinotherapy is employed together with surgery. The presence of the tumor may disrupt the normal contractions of the esophagus when swallowing. This can lead to nausea and vomiting, regurgitation of food and coughing. The two major risk factors for esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma are tobacco (smoking or chewing) and alcohol. The combination of tobacco and alcohol has a strong synergistic effect. Some data suggest that about half of all cases are due to tobacco and about one-third to alcohol, while over three-quarters of the cases in men are due to the combination of smoking and heavy drinking.

 

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