Estrogen
Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone. It is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. There are three major endogenous estrogens in females that have estrogenic hormonal activity: estrone, estradiol, and estriol. The estrane steroid estradiol is the most potent and prevalent of these. Estrogens are synthesized in all vertebrates as well as some insects. Their presence in both vertebrates and insects suggests that estrogenic sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history. The three major naturally occurring forms of estrogen in women are estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3). Another type of estrogen called estetrol (E4) is produced only during pregnancy. Quantitatively, estrogens circulate at lower levels than androgens in both men and women. While estrogen levels are significantly lower in males compared to females, estrogens nevertheless also have important physiological roles in males. Like all steroid hormones, estrogens readily diffuse across the cell membrane. Once inside the cell, they bind to and activate estrogen receptors (ERs) which in turn modulate the expression of many genes. Additionally, estrogens bind to and activate rapid-signaling membrane estrogen receptors (mERs), such as GPER (GPR30). In addition to their role as natural hormones, estrogens are used as medications, for instance in menopausal hormone therapy and hormonal birth control.
High Impact List of Articles
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Acute episode of itching and possible amniotic fluid embolism with circulatory collapse in a full term pregnant patient
Azfar Khan Niazi*, Partha Jyoti Saha, Kavita Kashi Elliott, Paul William Minko, Adam Ryan Morris, Colin Jeffrey Nahrstedt, Eric Weipin Chiang, Jia Liu and Sabry Salama Ayad Case Reports: Anesthesiology Case Reports
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Acute episode of itching and possible amniotic fluid embolism with circulatory collapse in a full term pregnant patient
Azfar Khan Niazi*, Partha Jyoti Saha, Kavita Kashi Elliott, Paul William Minko, Adam Ryan Morris, Colin Jeffrey Nahrstedt, Eric Weipin Chiang, Jia Liu and Sabry Salama Ayad Case Reports: Anesthesiology Case Reports
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Epidemiological parameters and flap repair of pressure sore: A western India based institutional experience
Chandra Prakash Kala*, Jayesh P Sachde and Satya Narayan Research Article: Journal of Skin
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Epidemiological parameters and flap repair of pressure sore: A western India based institutional experience
Chandra Prakash Kala*, Jayesh P Sachde and Satya Narayan Research Article: Journal of Skin
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Pediatric sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma: points to ponder
Sucheta Parija* Short commentary: The Ophthalmologist: Clinical and Therapeutic Journal
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Pediatric sinonasal rhabdomyosarcoma: points to ponder
Sucheta Parija* Short commentary: The Ophthalmologist: Clinical and Therapeutic Journal
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Prostate cancer and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Alka Aggarwal* Editorial:
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Commentary on âExperience and challenges for biologic use for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis in Africa and the Middle East regionâ
Anwar Al Hammadi Dr* and Nadine Tarcha Dr Commentary: Journal of Skin
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Commentary on âExperience and challenges for biologic use for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis in Africa and the Middle East regionâ
Anwar Al Hammadi Dr* and Nadine Tarcha Dr Commentary: Journal of Skin
Conference Proceedings
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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in end-stage renal dialysis patients with chronic liver disease
Chia-Ling Wang and Chih-Chiang Chien Posters & Accepted Abstracts: Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment
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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding in end-stage renal dialysis patients with chronic liver disease
Chia-Ling Wang and Chih-Chiang Chien Posters & Accepted Abstracts: Journal of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment
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The effects of a combined Bryophyllum pinnatum, Moringa olefeira and vitamin C phytotherapeutic agent on cholesterol levels
Alfred Sparman ScientificTracks Abstracts: Clinical Cardiology Journal
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The effects of a combined Bryophyllum pinnatum, Moringa olefeira and vitamin C phytotherapeutic agent on cholesterol levels
Alfred Sparman ScientificTracks Abstracts: Clinical Cardiology Journal
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Central obesity and its implicated adverse health conditions are a major concern of some people
Iwezu Happy Nonso ScientificTracks Abstracts: Clinical Cardiology Journal
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Central obesity and its implicated adverse health conditions are a major concern of some people
Iwezu Happy Nonso ScientificTracks Abstracts: Clinical Cardiology Journal
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The epidemiological shift and current economic environment warrant new approaches to the treatment of risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Alfred Sparman Keynote: Clinical Cardiology Journal
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The epidemiological shift and current economic environment warrant new approaches to the treatment of risk factors for cardiovascular disease
Alfred Sparman Keynote: Clinical Cardiology Journal
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The histological features of toxic erythema of chemotherapy: A retrospective review
Alvaro J Rodriguez, Manrup K Hunjan, Lauren Bonomo, Alina G Bridges DO, Shahrukh K Hashmi and Rokea El-Azhary Posters & Accepted Abstracts: Journal of Skin
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The histological features of toxic erythema of chemotherapy: A retrospective review
Alvaro J Rodriguez, Manrup K Hunjan, Lauren Bonomo, Alina G Bridges DO, Shahrukh K Hashmi and Rokea El-Azhary Posters & Accepted Abstracts: Journal of Skin