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Thyroid

The thyroid is an endocrine within the neck consisting of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a skinny band of tissue called the thyroid isthmus. The thyroid is found at the front of the neck, below the Adam's apple. Microscopically, the functional unit of the thyroid is that the spherical thyroid follicle, lined with follicular cells (thyrocytes), and occasional parafollicular cells that surround a lumen containing colloid. The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: the two thyroid hormones – triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – and a peptide hormone, calcitonin. The thyroid hormones influence the rate and protein synthesis, and in children, growth and development. Calcitonin plays a role in calcium homeostasis. Secretion of the two thyroid hormones is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced by the hypothalamus. Thyroid hormones are two hormones produced and released by the thyroid, namely triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). They are tyrosine-based hormones that are primarily liable for regulation of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine. A deficiency of iodine results in decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges the thyroid tissue and can cause the disease referred to as simple goitre. The major sort of hormone within the blood is thyroxine (T4), which features a longer half-life than T3. In humans, the ratio of T4 to T3 released into the blood is approximately 14:1. T4 is converted to the active T3 (three to fourfold stronger than T4) within cells by deiodinases (5′-iodinase). These are further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to supply iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). All three isoforms of the deiodinases are selenium-containing enzymes, thus dietary selenium is important for T3 production.

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