Molecular structure activity investigation and spectroscopic analysis of (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid using Computational methods

Received: 24-Feb-2018 Accepted Date: Mar 02, 2018; Published: 29-Mar-2018

Citation: Susithra G, Ramalingam S, Periandy S, et al. Molecular structure activity investigation and spectroscopic analysis on (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid using Computational methods. J Pharmacol Med Chem 2018;2(1):4-17.

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Abstract

The molecular and biological properties of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid constructed by addition of appropriate ligands on suitable place of phenoxy acidic acid have been sumptuously interpreted in this research work. The investigation made using experimental tools such as FT-IR, FTRaman, NMR and UV-Visible spectroscopy and theoretical tool; HF and DFT quantum computations. The systematic analyses associated with molecular dynamic characteristics have been performed to explore unknown physico-chemical properties and applications. The dislocation of chemical shift of base and ligand group in downward and upward field according to the anisotropic chemical reaction was discussed deeply and the tailored chemical mechanism to induce physico-chemical properties was determined. The transformation of electro-chemical energy by inducing transitions among electronic degeneracy interaction orbitals was examined. The important CTcomplex of the molecule was found and the transitions between NBMO have been inspected. The rule of 5 (RO5) was validated for the present compound. The QSAR properties were computed and accounted for describing biological activity. The drug activity was elucidated according to the regulator and controller of the ligand groups over base system. The reduced toxicity effect was evaluated and verified by simulating VCD spectrum.

Keywords

4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid; Anisotropic-chemical reaction; CT-complex; NBMO; QSAR; RO₅.

The Phenoxyacetic acid is fundamentally aryloxyacetic acid which is mainly used for the treatment of high blood pressure and edema caused by diseases similar to congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. The major function of this acid is to treat the hypertension. The further addition of chlorine and methyl group with Phenoxyacetic acid, is enabled the compound for the treatment of insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia [1-3]. The Phenoxyacetic acid and its derivative; substituted with suitable ligands in appropriate positions (halogen in ortho and methyl group in para) phenoxyacetic acids have enriched biological properties [4]. These acids are also used as herbicide and pesticide [5,6] formulations. The (4-Chloro- 2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid is normally used as special compound for Antimicro-bioactivity. The directed phenoxy properties and controlled acidic content of the present compound has consistent anticancer, antitumor, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties [7,8].

The 2,4,5-Phenoxy acetic acid was used to control competing vegetation so that planted seedlings could become established and grow to renew forests [9,10]. The present substance also used in agriculture field to destroy plant pests [11]. The structure modification by suitable electron donating and withdrawing ligands over phenoxy acidic acid is enriched the biological as well as antibiotic properties [12]. Hence, up to now, after the careful viewing the literature, it is established that, no research work has been published to investigate the interpretation on the biological activity and structure relative properties on (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid using computational calculations and electronic structure analysis. In this present work, a detailed spectroscopic analysis, QSAR studies and NMBO examinations have been carried out.

Methodology

Experimental details

Physical state:

•The prepared compound; (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid has been taken in liquid form which is uncontaminated and spectroscopic grade for obtaining spectra.

Recording profile:

•The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra have been recorded in Bruker IFS 66V spectrometer and the instrument adopted with an FRA 106 Raman module equipped with a Nd:YAG laser source operating at 1.064 μm line widths with 200 mW power [13].

•The well distinct 1HNMR and 13CNMR spectra were recorded using high resolution FT-NMR spectrometer with 400 MHz for 1H and 100 MHz for 13C [14] with TMS as internal standard.

•The UV-Vis spectrum was recorded in the range of 200 nm to 800 nm, Hitachi UV-3200 spectrophotometer [15].

Computational methodology: In order to analyse the experimental data, the theoretical calculations have been performed to examine the structural, spectral, Mulliken charge profile, Frontier molecular orbital interaction process and the participation of CT complex on the electronic structure using the Gaussian 09 D. 01 version, Software program in MAC 3 computer [16]. The complicated computational process was executed by HF and DFT-B3LYP and B3PW91 methods adopted with 6-31++G (d, p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets. The biological activity parameters and QSAR properties were calculated using HyperChem software module. The drug like parameters (Lipinski) were estimated and evaluated for the title compound.

The energy consumed intensity modulated IR, Raman and electronic spectra, NMBO display and Frontier energy transitions levels have been identified and estimated using time-dependent SCF method with suitable basis set. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra have been analyzed to predict chemical shifts on par with TMS by GIAO method using I-PCM model with suitable basis set. The multipole moment, chemical related parameters and chemical reactivity index were calculated from filled, unfilled and continuum energy levels. The hyper active strain was calculated from linear and nonlinear Polarizability in different internal coordinates were computed using B3LYP method with the 6-311++G (d,p) basis set. The VCD spectrum was computed from sequential absorption and scattering frequencies and the optical chirality pattern was discussed.

Results and Discussion

Structural deformation analysis

The molecular structure of present compound belongs to CS point group symmetry since it was composed of methoxy acid chain, methyl and chlorine entity in different dimensional planes. The molecular structure is optimized by Berny’s optimization algorithm with the help of internal coordinate system using Gaussian 09 and Gauss view program and is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Molecular structure of (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

The comparative optimized structural parameters such as bond length, bond angle and dihedral angle are presented in Table 1. The present molecule contains acid group which is coupled through by methoxy assembly called Phenoxy acidic acid. The Phenoxy unit was also substituted by chlorine atom and methyl group.

Table 1: Optimized geometrical parameters for (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid computed at HF/DFT (B3LYP&B3PW91) with 6-31++G(d,p) and 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets

Usually, the ligand addition is surely making impact on ring and thereby can be observed in compression and elongation of bond length and angle. Due to the chain injection, the ring was found to be heavily stressed and the strain was formed at the midpoint of chain and methyl group which was clearly seen in the expansion of bond length C4-C5 (1.407Å). The bond length of C1-C2 was 1.384 Å which was identified to be compressed since the chlorine only was placed at that point of ring. The bond length C4-C5, C1-C6, C3- C4 and C2-C3 were almost equal and rather difference was found between them since such bond lengths were associated with ligand substitution point. The bond length of C-O at acid group was 1.344 Å whereas the C-O between methoxy and ring were 1.408 and 1.375 Å respectively. From this variation, it was clear that, the bond length was found to be stretched much in methoxy when compared with acid group. In order to compensate the chemical repulsive forces existed between O and C of ring, the bond was stretched out.

Normally, the inner angle of each semicircle of the hexagonal ring is 120°, whenever the substitutions added to the hexagonal ring, the angles are changed according to the mass of the substitutions. If the change of angle greater than 120° the fundamental property of the hexagonal ring will be vanished and the change of property will be according to the substitutions. In this case, the bond angle C4-C5-C6 was appeared to be compressed 118.17° which was very less when compared with other semicircle angles of the ring. This view showed the distortion of hexagonal structure which described the distortion of basic property of the ring and existence of new property.

Mulliken charge analysis

Normally, the charge distributed configuration of aromatic system displayed chemical energy orientation due to the chemical interactive process taking place by the addition of ligands in suitable position of the base ring. Such polarized charged system sponsored the chemical activity for producing biological and pharmaceutical properties [17]. Usually, the Mulliken charge level diagram configure electron cloud wherever need for generating desired drug property.

Here, the Mulliken charge level arrangements was displayed in the Figure 2 where the spreading of decisive stack point of electron clouds for oscillating the chemical potential to attain antibiotic characteristics. In the case of chain, the entire charges moved towards the ring from acid group with respect to O and it was evidenced by the appearance of darkness over O (neutral atom). Similarly, the green color of Cl showed that, the electron density displaced from Cl to ring. Whereas in the case of methyl group, the charge level was found to be retained in order to control the charge gradient on the ring. The absorbed negative gradient of charge were stagnated trigonally on C2, C4 and C6 of ring which is mainly for generating strong distinct dipoles for stabilizing chemical activity. The strong dipole was also found between C of methyl group and C of ring which is mostly for regulating and controlling chemical attractive potential.

Figure 2: Mulliken charge distribution of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

From this arrangement of molecular charge intensity, it was clear that, the necessary electronic content of energy was moved from OCH2COOH chain and Cl to the hexagonal ring, which created the asymmetric charge equilibrium and it was controlled and regulated by methyl group on head of the ring. This view of wide dispersal charge entities in the compound produced antibiotic nature.

Molecular properties, Lipinski “Rule of five” and Bioactivity score

The of Lipinski’s and drug-like parameters of title compound were calculated by HyperChem 8.0.6 software and were depicted in Table 2. The results of bio activity parameters were calculated using Molinspiration online database. The simulated topographical polar surface area and calculated lipophilicity diagrams of present compound were revealed in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Topographical view of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

Table 2: Biological and structural parameters of (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

The Rule of five or RO5 describes molecular properties important for a drug’s pharmacokinetics in the human body, including their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion [17]. It is used to estimate drug likeness and if an aromatic chemical compound to be orally active drug in humans, it should have certain pharmacological or biological activity [18]. The drug pharmacokinetics predicted that, the drug compound has poor absorption or permeation is more possible when there are more than 5 H-bond donors, 10 H-bond acceptors, the rotatable bonds is less than 10, the molecular weight (MWT) is greater than 500 and the calculated Log P (CLogP) is greater than 5 (or MlogP>4.15). But, in this case, the H-bond donor, acceptor and rotatable bonds were calculated to be 1, 3 and 3 respectively. The MWT and Log P were 200.62 Da. and 2.29 respectively. These values emphasized that, the present drug is suitable for oral formulations. In general, if the molecule contains total polar surface area ≤ 140 A², the compound has metabolic stability and transporter effects [19,20]. Here, the TPSA was observed to be 46.5 A2. So, the present compound possessed better water-solubility and structure-based drug ability.

In the present covalently bonded complex aromatic system, the heavy atom count and Covalently-Bonded Unit Count were computed to be 13 and 1 respectively. These values stressed that, the covalent bond character was enhanced by the substitution effect and the heavy atom was found to be Cl and O which were at suitable positions for the modification of substructure for enrichment of antibiotic activity of title compound. The drug likeness score is the complex balance of structural properties and various pharmacophoric features. Such a score influence behavior of the aromatic system in living organism. The value is mainly used for reliable toxicity prediction and measuring physicochemical properties of aromatic compound directly or indirectly. The score was calculated in the range of -0.28 - -0.98 for this case. This parameter range was observed to be negative; it was found to be observed in satisfactory region and well agreed with the literature [21]. This view of molecule designated the compound as a new drug candidate with high transport quality. Based on the obtained results, the present drug was largely free of toxic effects.

The GPCR is G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) most diverse group of membrane receptors and it transmits signals from these substances to an intracellular molecule called a G protein. The GPCRs play precise role in activate inside signal transduction pathways and it offered useful targets for drug development. The transmitted signal value was identified to be -0.64 which was observed within the expected limit and this compound could be identified by cellular responses. The ion channel modulator value was determined to be -0.54 which was good enough and it is able to transport ions (both anions and cations) across cell membranes to regulate various physiological processes and well agreed with the result obtained on work [22].

A protein kinase inhibitor is a kind of enzyme inhibitor which purposely blocks the action of protein kinases. Protein kinases are enzymes that add a phrosphate (PO) group to a protein or other organic molecule, usually on the serine, threonine, or tyrosine amino acid. The kinase inhibitor value was calculated to be 1.06 which was found to be above the threshold limit and able to modulate its function of protein kinases. The nuclear receptors are a special type of proteins identified within cells which is responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and useful for the embryonic development [23]. The nuclear receptor value of present drug case was 0.26 and it is able to directly interact with and control the expression of genomic DNA. The Protease inhibitor is an antiviral quality of the chemical compound which was determined to be 0.94 and it was sufficient to prevent viral replication by selectively binding to viral proteases and blocking proteolytic cleavage of protein precursors.

Vibrational analysis

The vibrational assignments and their vibrational analysis of the chemical compound under study are an important study to find whether the compositional parts active or not. The activity of the molecular parts are to be examined according to their vibrational region of the spectrum since it play essential role in generating physico-chemical properties for providing compact drug activity. For that, the presence of various covalent dipoles and the corresponding fundamental characteristics region are to be identified. Here, the dipoles were addressed from realistic fundamental vibrational pattern and was obtained in Table 3. The thoroughly scanned FT-IR and FT-Raman vibrational frequencies of recorded and theoretical spectra were displayed in the Figures 4 and 5 respectively. The tailored molecule consists of the phenoxy acetic acid substituted by methyl and chlorine atoms. The final chemical product contains 22 atoms and its configuration fit in to CS point group. According to the selection rules of cyclic molecule, 60 wavenumbers of vibrations were disseminated. In total vibrational frequencies, 22 modes were recognized as stretching, 19 modes were represented as in plane bending and 19 peaks acknowledged as out of plane bending vibrations.

Figure 4: FT-IR spectra of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

Figure 5: FT-Raman spectra of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

Table 3: Observed and HF and DFT (B3LYP & B3PW91) with 6-31++G(d,p) & 6-311++G (d,p) level calculated vibrational frequencies of (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

Γ Vibrations=41Aʹ+19Aʺ

All the vibrational modes were identified keenly and arranged according to their characteristic region. The active fundamentals were distinguished between IR and Raman frequencies in order according to the mutual exclusion principle. The entire bond lengths and bond angles were represented by normal mode of vibrations.

C-H vibrations

The present phenoxy derivative has basically benzene aromatic ring in which three substitutions have been identified. So the hexagonal ring having three remaining C-H bonds, according which, three C-H stretching modes was identified at 3060, 2970 and 2950 cm. Normally for the above said compounds, three bands with weak to medium intensity observed in the region 3100-3000 cm^-1 due to C-H stretching vibrations [24,25]. Here, one band was found in IR with strong intensity whereas two from Raman with weak intensity. As usual, these three modes are determined as pure stretching modes in which two of them hold back. This was mainly due to the absorption of ring energy by Cl.

The C-H in plane ring bending vibrations normally taking place with medium to weak intensity in the region 1300-1000 cm^-1 (26). But, here, the peaks for C-H in plane bending vibrations were appeared with very strong to medium intensity at 1295, 1245 and 1240 cm^-1. Usually, the C-H out of plane bending vibrations are observed in the region 950-780 cm^-1 [27,28]. In this case, these out of plane bending bands were found at 980, 950 and 890 cm^-1. Resembling to in plane bending, all the bands have been observed at the top end of the expected region. From this examination, it was clear that, the C-H bending vibrations were found to be well within their limited array and it is also conclude that, energy of C-H bonds were affected in higher region than lower region.

C-C vibrations

Usually the static potential energy of core ring is directly related with the substitutions attached with it and also, it was fluctuated with respect to mass of ligand groups. Consequently, the vibrational region of core oscillations definitely affected and the corresponding modes disturbed the substitutional vibrations. Hence, the ring C=C and C-C stretching vibrations, known as semicircle stretching regularly happen in the region 1450-1650 cm^-1 [29,30]. In the present case, the C=C bonds can be identified on C1-C2, C3-C4 and C5-C6 clearly. Correspondingly, the stretching vibrations have been observed strongly at 1600, 1500 and 1495 cm^-1. The entire core CC stretching were found within the allowed region and well agreed with literature [31,32]. Similarly, the C-C stretching vibrations were appeared at 1460, 1450 and 1430 cm^-1. When compared to the literature region mentioned over, there is rather decrement found in observed frequencies which is due to the causing of loading of heavy ligands with the ring. Most of the CC stretching bands were observed with very strong intensity and found in both IR and Raman spectra. In the present work, three semicircles CCC in plane breathing bands observed at 650, 610 and 580 cm^-1 and three accompanying out of plane breathing bands were allotted at 450, 400 and 380 cm^-1. These assignments were found well below the expected region which was primarily due to the struggling of core potential energy by Cl and CH3 and agreed well with the literature [33].

Ethyl and methyl group vibrations

The present molecule contains ethylene group along with O and COOH in the chain. Generally, the C-H stretching vibrations of the methylene group are located at lower frequencies than those of the aromatic C-H ring stretching. The CH2 stretching vibration generally observed in the region 3000-2870 cm⁻¹ [34,35]. For this compound, the C-H stretching vibrations are observed with strong intensity at 2850 and 2845 cm⁻¹. By the void position of CH2, these stretching peaks have affected much. This indolent atmosphere showed partial energy exhaustion of CH2 by chain. Normally, the C-H scissoring mode is very active in ethylene substituted molecules [36]. In the present assignment, the C-H scissoring bending modes are found with strong intensity at 1140 and 1130 cm⁻¹ and the wagging modes determined with very strong intensity at 800 and 790 cm. These assignments validated the statement that, the part of bending energy was not affected which was rational with the literature report [37].

The title compound possesses a methyl group separately and their vibrational assignments certify the position of methyl group on top moiety of molecule. The asymmetric and the symmetric C-H symmetric vibrations in methyl group regularly determined in the region of 2990-2920 cm⁻¹ and 2900- 2840 cm⁻¹ [38] respectively. In this case, the asymmetric C-H vibrations were occurring at 2940, 2930 and 2910 cm⁻¹. All those vibrations belong to asymmetric range and it was clear that, these modes were not affected by other vibrations. The in plane and out of plane bending vibrations were getting at 1230, 1190 and 1180 cm⁻¹ and 880, 870 and 810 cm respectively. From the bending vibrations, it was clear that, the entire vibrations found exactly within the expected region and were not concealed much by the interaction of vinyl group.

Predicted by the DFT calculations, the compounds containing CH3 group, the series of the bands appearing as asymmetric and symmetric deformation modes in the region 1400-1500 cm⁻¹ [34,39] are mainly due to methyl deformation, coupling with the C-H and C-C stretching frequencies, two different extends and in different way. In the present study, the Raman bands at 1460 cm⁻¹ (very strong) and 1450 cm⁻¹ (strong) are attributed to the asymmetric deformation modes of isopropyl group. Appearance of these bands is due to presence of two independent CH3 groups in the amino acid residues in different environments.

C-Cl vibrations

The present aromatic complex enclosed with Cl at Meta position and it was clearly demonstrated itself by its proportionate stretching and bending vibrations. In aromatic complex, the C-Cl stretching vibrations generally offered very strong bands in IR spectrum in the region of 760-505 cm⁻¹ [40] due to its strong dipole moment. Accordingly, here, one peak was appeared with very strong intensity at 680 cm⁻¹ for C-Cl stretching vibration. Most of the aromatic halogen-chlorine substituted compounds contain a band of strong to medium intensity in the region 385-265 cm⁻¹ by C-Cl in-plane bending vibration [24]. Hence, the IR band was identified at 470 cm⁻¹ for C-Cl in-plane bending modes. The C-Cl out of plane deformation vibration was established at 260 cm⁻¹. The entire C-Cl vibrations are found within the expected region of the spectra which clearly showed that, the acidic nature was found to be regulated in this case. In addition to that, the acetic character was not dominated and its energy was rather consumed.

COOH vibrations

Normally, the acetic acids derivative is having strong C=O stretching strong band in the region 1600-1560 cm 1 and an additional strong band at 1230- 1140 cm due to the stretching of the C-O bond [41]. The stretching band linked with the σ- interaction bond; C-O is dependent on the nature of the acidic components. Although the acetic nature is less important, the Alkyl chloroformates have a very strong band due to the asymmetric COC stretching vibration at 1200-1130 cm⁻¹, a strong band is also observed at 850-770 cm⁻¹ [42]. Usually, the Methyl esters of long-chain of aliphatic acid exhibit strong bands at 1175 cm⁻¹, 1250 cm⁻¹and 1205 cm-1 respectively. In, the primary acid; acetates possess a weak-intensity band at 1060-1035 cm⁻¹ due to the asymmetric stretching of the O-CH2-C group. Hence, in this case, a very strong mode was observed at 1750 cm⁻¹ due to C=O stretching vibration. It was occupied at the top of the crest due to its attaining of high force constant by absorbing chemical potential from associated atoms. The other three bands are with very strong to weak intensity recognized at 1420, 1400 and 1370 cm⁻¹ for C-O stretching vibrations. Last one of these vibrational bands was assigned for acid group and other two vibrational modes were assigned for C-O bond which is located OCH₂ group. Here, irrespective of positions of C-O, the occurrence of the vibrational bands was found to be elevated to well above the expected region. This elevated ambience of such peaks described the one way electrophilicity charge transition from ring to COOH group. The in plane and out of plane bending peaks were found at 560, 550 and 510 cm 1 and 320 and 300 cm. The entire bending vibrations were also elevated much and from which it was clear that, the charge cloud displacement is supported the energy of the bonds.

The hydroxyl bond related to acid group having stretching vibrations in the wavenumber region 3400-2500 cm⁻¹ [43]. The O-H group vibrations are possibly receptive in IR region since it has high value of force constant and shows prominent shifts in the spectra of the hydrogen bonded chemical species. Usually, O-H stretching frequency is observed with weak to medium intensity in the infrared spectrum and it is difficult to identify the exact position of peak since the spectra related OH is broad. In this case, the strong band come into view at 3450 cm⁻¹ in the IR spectrum alone which was assigned to O-H stretching. The related O-H in-plane bending and out of plane vibrations are observed in the region 1440-1260 cm-1 and 517-710 cm⁻¹ respectively. Accordingly, the observed in plane and out of plane bending vibrations of hydroxyl group were found at 1490 and 1310 cm⁻¹ respectively. The COOH group twisting vibrations were determined at 250, 150 and 110 cm⁻¹ in the far IR region. The entire OH vibrations significantly discussed and the locations of the peaks were keenly monitored. From this discussion, it was infer that, from the elevated vibrations, it was confirmed that, the chemical potential concentrated over COOH for generating enriched antibiotic property.

NMR assessment

The NMR technique is a great flexible tool which throwing innovative light on complex organic structure elucidation which is significantly used to find the chemical root path to produce dynamic chemical potential to induce desired molecular and biological property. It is also great tool for interpreting the constructed drug property and toxic effect. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of present case were presented in Table 4. The experimental and calculated spectra are shown in Figure 5. The paramagnetic shield breaking and field spreading were also displayed in the Figure 6.

Figure 6: 13C and 1H NMR spectra of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

Table 4: Experimental and calculated 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid.

Usually, the rate of paramagnetic shield of electron concealed atom is broken by the surrounded atoms or molecules with it. The paramagnetic shield is very strong in the case of hexagonal ring unless the substitutions coupled with the ring. The rate of such shield breaking is directly depends on mass of the attached atoms or molecules which clearly explained the change of molecular property and thereby it is used to find the chemical nodal spot for producing biological and drug property. Usually, the shield breaking rate is measured by chemical shift in up and down field. In general, the range of 13C NMR chemical shifts for aromatic derivatives is greater or lesser than 100 ppm [44,45] is observed and the fluctuation regarding ligands used for the reliable interpretation of molecular property.

Here, the greater chemical shift (Expt. 152 and 174 ppm; Cal. 141 and 167 ppm) was found at C1 and C4 in which the Cl and acetic acid chain were substituted. The ring carbon C4 was more shifted than C1 since ligand chain with heavy mass was coupled with the ring. Due to the large chemical shift (>150 ppm), the C4 was noted as first chemical nodal point in which the considerable energy was exchanged from ring to chain. The chlorine coupled carbon was determined to be second nodal point in which the electronic energy was transferred to ring. The third nodal region was identified to be C5 in which the methyl ligand has been substituted and the chemical shift of 136 ppm was observed. The moderate chemical shift of 123, 133 and 134 were observed on C2, C3 and C6 respectively. The next higher chemical shift of 190 ppm was observed on acetic carbon C15 in which large amount of negative chemical potential was stored. The stored energy has been directed by the nodal points and controlled by methyl carbon which was confirmed by obtaining experimental and calculated chemical shift of 130 ppm and136 ppm respectively.

In the case of H on ring, the quite higher chemical shift was appeared than H on methyl and ethylene groups since the hydrogen linked with resonance hexagonal structure. The H8 was shifted more than other in the molecule since it was affected by asymmetrical interaction of electronegative species in the chain. From the observation, it was clear that, the charge cloud was moved disproportionately flow from methyl and chlorine to ring and ring to acetic acid ligand via nodal site of carbons in the ring. In this way, the exchange of electronic potential taking place between ring and ligands and generating consistent drug property such as antibiotic potential.

Frontier molecular interaction examination

Usually, the atomic orbital arrangement is modified as molecular configuration electronic system after the formation of aromatic complex and the interaction taking place between occupied and unoccupied molecular bands called HOMO and LUMO. In the molecular orbital pattern, many interaction entities are constructed with respect to degenerate energy system. During the energy transitions in the form electronic cloud transformation among such energy domains fabricating desired chemical environments for producing desired biological and drug property. The molecular orbital interface contour was shown in the Figure 7 and the energy profile value of orbital structure was depicting in the Table 5.

Figure 7: Frontier molecular profile of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

Table 5: Frontier molecular orbitals of (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid with energy level system

In order to prove the energy provenance of HOMO, the δ-bonding coupling appeared over the semicircle carbons C3=C4=C5 and C2=C1=C6 of ring which showed the crew of charge cloud with approximately equal energy called blended chemical energy. The bonded complex would produce resonance path for harmonic drift motion of charge cloud with similar characteristics. The σ-bond interaction system was found on Cl atom which also ready to supply energy by making transitions. The σ-bond overlapping scheme were also found on acetic acid ligand group particularly on O. The second order interaction arrangement of overlapping was observed on HOMO-1 which was enhanced completely and strongly. In ligand chain, there was no energy interaction found which ensured the exhaustion of charge interaction process for stabilizing generated property.

In LUMO, the π-bonding interaction become visible by which the carbons C3 and C4 of ring and O11, C12, C15, O16, O17 and H18 of chain were connected for creating empty potential zone for receiving electron cloud to form strong biological property. The negative iso surface of space interaction system was found between ring carbon and hydrogen of ethylene group which was due to accomplish the available overlapping orbital. In second lower empty interaction zone, there were number of individual σ and π- bonding matrix systems. This was mainly due to restrain chemical potential of receiving electron cloud from excited configuration zone.

From this interaction profile of FMP, it was conferred that, the π and δ bonding interaction orbital domains available in ring and chain for the charge cloud orientation to drift chemical energy among intra molecular electronic entities to induce the strong chemical potential to persuade drug property. The energy transformation was restricted among HOMO and LUMO of present molecule by making degenerate interaction profile which was clearly seen in the Figure.

UV-Visible absorption CT complex profile

The electronic excited oscillations and UV-Visible absorption analytical factors of title molecule were presented in the Table 6 and related CT absorption profile diagram of both experimental and simulated were displayed in Figure 8. The determination of CT complex and the assignment of electronic absorption peak in UV-Visible characteristics spectra are very important. Because of it acquires the information regarding key factor to find the root cause of the drug property [46]. The electronic spectra is usually represented by N=3 states which is applicable to analyze three oscillating transitions by which the UV-visible characteristics peaks are recognized.

Figure 8: UV-Visible spectra of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

Table 6: Theoretical electronic absorption spectra of (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

The signal contains three individual signals among which one or two peaks are identified with strong oscillator strength. Such a mode of absorption address the UV-Visible characterises and thereby the biological activity can be studied.

In this case, the base was phenoxy acetic acid and the methyl and chlorine species to be the ligands. According to the Mulliken analysis, such two substitutions (methyl and chlorine) were found to be regulator and controller of charge orientations between ring and acid group via methoxy groups. So the acid group along with methoxy impurity was found to be the CT complex of this aromatic complex system. The doubly excited peaks observed in the UV-Visible spectra was only due to the couple of nfl fl * transitions. These transitions were found at 403, 343 and 320 nm with the band gap of 3.071, 3.612 and 3.873 eV which were obtained strongly with oscillator strength of 0.001, 0.09 and 0.0017. The first band was located with very low oscillator strength in visible region whereas last two bands were identified with moderate strength in UV region. These have been found in gas phase while in solvent phase; DMSO and CCl4, all these absorption peaks were identified at same place with same band gap energies. Irrespective of gas and solvent phase, the entire absorption peaks were found between HOMO and LUMO set up and these transitions were belong to R-band.

The entire vibrational UV-Visible bands appraised that, the methoxy group along with acid group were recognized as ligand CT complex of present compound. This arrangement was found to be triggering the biological activity in the compound and thereby the antibiotic characteristics were achieved by addition of subordinate ligand groups (methyl and chlorine) in suitable positions.

Molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) maps assay

The electrostatic potential map display of the present molecule was portrayed in between two extreme potential and it’s spreading of potential field contours shown in Figure 9. The extreme static potential gradient was limited in the region of ± 6.661 e-2. The positive and negative potentials were represented by the existence of arrangement of strong molecular dipoles i.e. net dipole moment of the molecule and are denoted by electrophilic and nucleophilic region. Such three dimensional region is constructed by spatial distribution of multipole moments grid points and this zone is normally covered the molecular orbital region also.

Figure 9: MESP display of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

The 3D electrostatic potential on a molecular surface is primarily important because it is much more essential to explain the binding ability with associated protein and biological receptors [47]. In this case, according to the Figure 9, the electron deficient zone was determined over the OH of COOH group labelled as nucleophilic cover and simultaneously, the electron rich zone was found at C=O of same group. This made asymmetrical strong dipole moment in the chain whereas electron fading region was found over hydrogen bond of the molecule. Normally, if the halogen is present in molecule, the region around will be symbolized by electrophilic zone due to its rich electronegativity. But in this case, though the chlorine was substituted over ring, the region around was displayed to be electron deficient zone. This was obviously due to the asymmetrical displacement of electron cloud from Cl to ring for negative chemical potential on chain. The chemical potential field was originated on chain of the molecule and particularly, the negative potential valley concentrated over OCH2 group.

Physico-chemical properties

Usually, when the base is linked with ligand groups, the molecular orbital levels are re arranged with respect to the chemical equilibrium and the associated orbitals are splitted in to two bands. The physico-chemical residual is generally stored in the transitions among different energy levels of two bands of existed molecular orbital. The molecular structure and chemical properties are examined by determining associated parameters. The calculated important physical and chemical parameters were presented in the Table 7.

Table 7:  Calculated energies, chemical hardness, electro negativity, Chemical potential, Electrophilicity index of (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

From the zero point vibrational energy of the present compound, the rate of optimization can be determined. Accordingly, these values in IR and UVVisible region were found to be 1034.44 and 1034.09 Kcal/mol respectively. From these observed values, it was clear that, the molecular structure was optimized and it will provide the characteristics as it is. The dipole moment of the aromatics is usually measuring the charge spreading capacity and binding ability of the compound. Here, the molecular dipole moment was found as 2.10 and 4.87 dyne in IR and UV-visible region respectively. From this view, it was confer that, the structure was more stable in second region than first.

The chemical Hardness is most important parameter which is used to determine inertness against chemical flexibility and it measures the reaction capacity to unwanted sub ligands while processing. In phenoxy derivative, it was calculated to be 2.69 and 1.99 eV in IR and UV-Visible region respectively. The calculated values showed the chemical isolation ability to react with linked ligands. The ionization potential (IP) is mainly used for quantifying chemical bonds and it is also employed for the rate of electropositiveness (EP) of the chemical compounds. If the IP decreases, the EP increases much and reactiveness of the chemical species will be increased much. In this case, the IP was to be 0.99 and 2.37 eV in IR and UV-Visible respectively which were very low and the chemical reaction capacity was very high. The local electro-chemical steadiness of the chemical compounds can be assessed by the total electronegativity of a molecule under study which is a vital functional parameter used to predict electro-magnetic polarity of molecule [48]. Here, it was determined to be 3.69 and 4.37 in IR and UV region respectively. The value of the same parameter was higher in UVVisible than IR which was illustrated that, the entire compound was made by ionic bond instead of covalent bond.

The electrophilicity index is a novel chemical parameter that is utilized to evaluate the exchange of chemical potential energy flow through interactive molecular sites. Here, the electrophilicity index is 2.52 and 4.79 eV in IR and UV-Visible region respectively. In the UV-Visible region, it was found that, the hyper chemical potential flow was observed than IR since the present chemical compound was more reactive in UV-Visible than IR region. The ECT is a chemical property finding parameter and the main purpose of the factor is to determine the change of property of chemical species related to attach one. Here, the base is phenoxy acetic acid and its main drug application is the treatment of high blood pressure whereas when chlorine injected to the base along with methyl group, the Antimicro-bioactivity is progressively induced in the compound. This type chemical activity change can be measured by ECT value of the compound. Here, this value of the compound in IR and UV-visible region were 2.155 and 2.153 respectively whereas the value of the base was 1.92. Therefore, this increment of ECT showed the enriched chemical activity of the substituted compound.

Polarization and hyper polarization activity

The first order and second order polarization is usually induced by the displacement of charge domains with respect to chemical equilibrium forces existed during the formation of the compound. Such kind of charge cloud orientation is synchronized by σ and π- bonding interactions taking place among molecular site and this charge displacements created strong multi dipole moments. The net dipole moments are making hypo and hyper activity within the compositional entities which mainly renovate the objective chemical activity in the compounds. The first order and second order functional Polarizability and first order hyperpolarizability scale was depicted in Table 8.

Table 8: Summary of the morphological and diagnostic features of the Pedon at Abelo area,Masha District.

The designed average Polarizability and anisotropy of the Polarizability of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid was determined and were 163 × 10^-30 esu and 227 × 10^-30 esu respectively and the hyperpolarizability (β) was found to be 275 × 10^-30 esu. According to the literature [17], the observed values of hypo polarization activity was found to be well above the drug activity region and the present compound is able to be a novel drug. The hyper Polarizability of this compound found to be prominent level of drug activeness and tolerance of consistent drug potential. So this compound can be used as starting materials for advanced drug construction.

The partial polarization index was higher in αxx and αyy coordinates where the phenoxy and acid groups of chain was placed than other coordinates. The hyper polarization constant was identified very high in βxxx and βxxy and βxzz coordinates. This view described that, the polarization path was preseted in coil structure which is very complicated arrangement by which the complex chemical property was instinctive.

NBMO transition analysis

The essential chemical potential of the aromatic system for causing peculiar drug property is not only stored in bonding orbitals and also non-bonding molecular orbitals (NBMO). The multiple classes of transitions between the non-bonded molecular energy levels are scaling the stored chemical energy and how many numbers of transitions contributing the prepared drug property. In NBMO, according to the selection rule, the transitions are promising in phase interaction orbital levels. These transition levels are listed in Table 9.

Table 9: The calculated NBO of (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid by second order Perturbation theory

In this case, several electronic transitions were identified between available electron concentration zone to unfilled energy state from which the protected chemical energy swap (transitions) between important entities causing key medicinal property has been predicted and thereby augmented. In the primary case, within the six membered ring, the energy of 3.73 and 3.00 kcal/mol were transferred from C1-C2 to C1-C6 and C2-C3 respectively which were assigned as π - π * interaction system. Similarly, the 16.41 and 19.06 kcal/mol amount of energy were identified to transfer from C1-C2 to C3-C4 and C5-C6 respectively. Such amount of energy was very high and was found to be transferred already from acetic acid chain; this energy was harvested during these transitions.

The important transitions have been observed from C3-C4 to C1-C2 and C5-C6 by consuming 21.3 and 17.9 kcal/mol. energy with difference of kubo gap 0.30 a.u with occupancy value of 1.97. This energy was rather same which was observed in reverse order in previous case. Another transition within the ring was appeared from C5-C6 to C1-C2 and C3-C4 by consuming energy of 19.9 and 20.89 kcal/mol. From these transitions among σ-σ* π - π * interaction systems, it was confer that, the stacking electronic energy within the ring which was transferred from chain was oscillated and thus the resultant chemical property was achieved.

Usually, the energy was transferred unidirectional from ligand to ring which was evidenced in this case by observing the transition from Cl10 to C1- C2 of ring system which was assigned within σ - σ * interaction system. At particular state of transition systems, the maximum energy absorption is taking place which would be the saturated electronic energy for generating desired property. This energy of 167.7 and 226.9 kcal/mol were identified at C1-C2 and C3-C4 to C5-C6 in σ-σ* and π-π* interactive system. Finally, it was concluded that, the exchange electronic energy for this complex system to produce biological activity were identified and recognized which are observed to be finitely confined between ring and ligand species.

VCD profile

The simulated VCD spectrum for tailored structure was exhibited in the Figure 10. The symmetrical pattern of the chirality of the compound could be identified from sequential form of absorption and transmission of energy by optimized molecular structure. Such pattern embedded with wavenumber of IR region recognize the presence of toxicity and thereby comfortable to explain whether the compound is biologically and pharmaceutically active Usually, the symmetrical sequence in finger print as well as substitution region of the spectrum represents the background of the toxicity induction [49]. Here, the observed signals at sequential pattern between absorption and transmission were found to be differed ±0.09 identified in the VCD spectrum. Therefore, the title compound having series VCD pattern which leads to contain veiled toxic effect which conferred that, the compound itself would be the simple drug as well as starting material for drug production with distended chemical clarity.

Figure 10: VCD spectra of 4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid

Conclusion

The structural, biological and physico-chemical properties of (4-Chloro- 2-methylphenoxy) acetic acid have been thoroughly studied using corresponding parameters observed from experimental tools and computed from computational tools. Both obtained results emphasized the drug activity of the present compound and the following conclusions were observed.

•The molecular geometry deformation showed the distortion of hexagonal structure which described the distortion of basic property of the ring and existence of new property.

•From the arrangement of molecular charge intensity in mulliken charge levels, it was clear that, the necessary electronic content of energy was moved from OCH2COOH chain and Cl to the hexagonal ring, which created the asymmetric charge equilibrium and it was controlled and regulated by methyl group on head of the ring. This view of wide dispersal charge entities in the compound produced antibiotic nature.

•From the RO5 rules, it was inferred that, the present drug is suitable for oral formulations and based on the obtained results of biological parameters, the present drug was largely free of toxic effects.

•From the C-H vibrational analysis, it was clear that, the C-H bending vibrations were found to be well within their limited array and it is also conclude that, energy of C-H bonds were affected in higher region than lower region.

•The entire OH vibrations significantly discussed and the locations of the peaks were keenly monitored. From this discussion, it was infer that, from the elevated vibrations, it was confirmed that, the chemical potential concentrated over COOH for generating enriched antibiotic property.

•The NMR examinations clear that, the charge cloud was moved disproportionately flow from methyl and chlorine to ring and ring to acetic acid ligand via nodal site of carbons in the ring. In this way, the exchange of electronic potential taking place between ring and ligands and generating consistent drug property such as antibiotic potential.

•From this interaction profile of FMP, it was conferred that, the π and δ bonding interaction orbital domains available in ring and chain for the charge cloud orientation to drift chemical energy among intra molecular electronic entities to induce the strong chemical potential to persuade drug property.

•From CT complex analysis, it was conferred that, the exchange electronic energy for this complex system to produce biological activity were identified and recognized which are observed to be finitely confined between ring and ligand species.

•The title compound having series VCD pattern which leads to contain veiled toxic effect which conferred that, the compound itself would be the simple drug as well as starting material for drug production with distended chemical clarity.

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