Overview of Fungal Biofilm
Received: 08-Dec-2021 Accepted Date: Dec 22, 2021; Published: 29-Dec-2021
Citation: Priyadarshini V, Overview of Fungal Biofilm. J Exp Clin Microbiol 2021;5(4):4.
This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact reprints@pulsus.com
Commentary
Biofilms are a common type of microbial growth that are crucial to the progression of clinical infection. They are responsible for a wide range of bacterial illnesses in humans. Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, Trichosporon, Coccidioides, and Pneumocystis are just a few of the medically significant fungi that create biofilms. Antifungal medications are more resistant to biofilm cell communities than planktonic cells. Biofilm structural complexity, the presence of extracellular matrix (ECM), metabolic heterogeneity inherent to biofilms, and biofilm-associated upregulation of efflux pump genes are all contributing factors. Biofilms are surface-associated cell populations embedded in an ECM that have different behaviors than planktonic cell counterparts. Contributing variables include nutrients, quorum-sensing molecules, and surface contact. Biofilms of Candida albicans are primarily made up of yeast-form and hyphal cells, both of which are essential for survival. Biofilms are surface-associated cell populations embedded in an ECM that have different behaviors than planktonic cell counterparts. Contributing variables include nutrients, quorum-sensing molecules, and surface contact. Biofilms of Candida albicans are primarily made up of yeastform and hyphal cells, both of which are necessary for biofilm formation. Biofilms of Aspergillus can form on both abiotic and biotic surfaces. Conidia are the first colonizing cells to adhere to the substrate. As the biofilm grows, mycelia (hyphal form) emerges.
In vitro and in vivo, the ECM that holds the biofilm together has been observed. The two types of A. fumigatus biofilm infection have different hyphal organization: aspergilloma infections have an interconnected ball of hyphae, while aspergillosis infections have individual isolated hyphae. C. albicans and A. fumigatus hyphae can create pores or channels in biotic surfaces. Candida albicans, a commensal of human mucosal surfaces and an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised people, is frequently linked to the production of biofilms. C. albicans is the third most common cause of infections involving intravascular catheters, with the second highest rate of colonization to infection and the highest overall crude death rate. Either endogenously or exogenously, this fungus can colonize prosthetic devices. Fungemia and systemic infection can occur when yeast cells release from adhesive biofilms on the devices. Removal of the device and a long course of antimicrobial treatments are usually required for treatment. Infections of the respiratory system, dental plaque formation, invasive disease, skin and mucosal infections, and bloodstream infections are just a few of the diseases and niches where fungal–polymicrobial interactions are important
Biofilm development in fungus is a well-organized process that includes early, intermediate, and mature stages that are all synchronized. It starts with a microorganism adhering to a surface, followed by a cascade of differential gene expression that leads to the creation of a biofilm. The creation of an organic conditioning layer, which may include substances generated by the host inflammatory response in blood, saliva, or vaginal excretions, might also aid fungal adhesion to a surface. For example, the cerebral fluid surrounding a ventriculoperitoneal shunt includes high levels of cations, which may encourage microbial interactions with the support surface. Furthermore, the adherence of microbes to biomaterials is influenced by the continual mobility of cerebrospinal fluid across a solid surface. These factors could influence the rate and amount of fungal adhesion. Candida rarely exists as a monospecies. They can colonize mucosal surfaces and prosthetic materials such as dentures and catheters throughout the human body. Polymicrobial communities, which are made up of aggregation of various fungi and bacteria, are also common and clinically significant. Understanding of the role of polymicrobial infection in human fungal illness has risen in recent years because of the development of more advanced technology.
