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Anatomical polymorphism, the phenomenon of morphological variation within a species, represents a fascinating area of research with profound implications for understanding evolutionary processes, ecological dynamics, and developmental mechanisms. This research article provides a comprehensive overview of anatomical polymorphism, exploring its prevalence, causes, and evolutionary significance across diverse taxa. We examine the various factors contributing to anatomical polymorphism, including genetic variation, environmental influences, and developmental plasticity, and discuss their roles in shaping phenotypic diversity within populations. Furthermore, we explore the adaptive significance of anatomical polymorphism in response to environmental pressures, predator-prey interactions, and social dynamics, highlighting the dynamic interplay between genotype and phenotype in evolutionary contexts. By synthesizing evidence from empirical studies, theoretical frameworks, and comparative analyses, this article aims to deepen our understanding of anatomical polymorphism and its broader implications for evolutionary biology and biodiversity conservation