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Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in adults over the age of 55 in developed countries. Age >55 years, smoking history, white race, and mutations in multiple complement system components are all known important risk factors for AMD. Early AMD is distinguished by the appearance of drusen and pigmentary abnormalities. Late AMD is linked with central vision loss and is distinguished by the presence of choroidal neovascularization and/or geographic atrophy. Early AMD is associated with a number of biochemical abnormalities, including oxidative damage to RPE cells, complement deposition in the RPE membrane-choriocapillaris Bruch's complex, lipidization of Bruch's membrane, and extracellular anomalies in the matrix (e.g., collagen crosslinking, advanced glycation end product formation). Nonneovascular (dry) AMD is a retinal condition that can cause substantial central vision loss. This illness is distinguished by macular drusen, RPE changes, and Geographic Atrophy (GA). As important advancements in retinal imaging have permitted a better knowledge of disease pathogenesis, classification methods for non-neovascular AMD have developed over time. Color fundus Photography (CFP) was used to classify non-neovascular AMD in the beginning, while more recent approaches use a multimodal imaging approach. A complete grasp of the multimodal imaging findings of non-neovascular AMD, as outlined in this study, is required for effective diagnosis and therapy. Future imaging modalities and imaging biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment are also considered.
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