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The endocrine system plays a critical role in regulating various physiological processes through the release and action of hormones. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of endocrine physiology, focusing on the mechanisms of hormonal regulation and their impact on metabolism. Hormones, produced by endocrine glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and pancreas, are crucial in maintaining homeostasis by influencing growth, development, metabolism, and reproduction. This article explores the synthesis, secretion, and action of key hormones, including insulin, thyroid hormones, cortisol, and sex hormones. Emphasis is placed on the feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone levels and the physiological effects of hormonal imbalances. Additionally, the review examines recent advances in understanding endocrine disorders and their metabolic implications, highlighting the integration of endocrine function with other physiological systems. By elucidating the complex interactions between hormones and metabolic pathways, this article aims to enhance the understanding of endocrine physiology and its relevance to health and disease.
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