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Genetic determinants play a fundamental role in shaping anatomical variation within and between species. This research article provides a comprehensive overview of the genetic factors influencing anatomical variation, exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic diversity across diverse taxa. We examine the contributions of genetic variation, gene expression regulation, and developmental pathways to the formation of anatomical structures, from the macroscopic to the molecular level. Additionally, we discuss the evolutionary implications of genetic determinants of anatomical variation, including their role in adaptation, speciation, and biodiversity conservation. By synthesizing evidence from genomic studies, genetic mapping analyses, and comparative genomics, this article aims to deepen our understanding of the genetic basis of anatomical variation and its broader implications for evolutionary biology and biomedical research.
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