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Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and the potential for metastasis. At the molecular level, cancer arises from alterations in genes and cellular pathways that disrupt normal cellular functions. This article explores the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer, including genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, and disruptions in cell signaling pathways. It also reviews recent advancements in understanding these mechanisms and their implications for targeted therapies. By elucidating the molecular basis of cancer, this article aims to provide insights into how these discoveries are shaping contemporary cancer treatment and future research directions.