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In aquaculture, there is a critical need for effective vaccines and delivery systems to prevent and manage emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. The primary challenge has been the difficulty in designing vaccines that can stimulate the desired immune responses. The incorporation of nanoparticles has presented a significant opportunity for creating vaccine delivery systems that excel in precise targeting, ensure antigen stability, and serve as highly effective adjuvants. This review offers a comprehensive examination of various nanoparticle platforms employed in the administration of vaccines for fish.
