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The escalating global demand for food due to a growing population necessitates the adoption of advanced agricultural practices aimed at enhancing crop yields, bolstering crop resilience in the face of unpredictable and extreme weather conditions, and minimizing production losses attributed to pests and diseases. To address these challenges, genome engineering techniques have been employed across various plant species. Over time, several generations of genome engineering methods have emerged, with the latest cutting-edge technology being Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) coupled with nucleases. A pivotal step in the genome engineering process involves the delivery of gene constructs into plant cells. Harnessing the potential of nanotechnology, the utilization of nanoparticles for gene delivery exhibits notable technical advantages compared to traditional methods, primarily owing to its exceptional efficiency and versatility across various plant species. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the development of techniques for delivering biomolecules to plants and delves into their attributes and constraints. Our emphasis is on the forefront of nanotechnology-based delivery systems, encompassing an exploration of diverse nanoparticle varieties, the fabrication of nanomaterials, the intricacies of nanoparticle transport mechanisms, and their advanced applications in the field of plant genome engineering.
