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Microbiol Biotechnol Rep | Volume 1, Issue 2
November 16-17, 2017 Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Annual Congress on
Mycology and Fungal Infections
Short-length DNA marker for the determination of Malayan box turtle (Cuora
amboinensis ) materials in food chain and traditional Chinese medicines
Asing and Md Eaqub Ali
University of Malaya, Malaysia
Malayan box turtle (Cuora amboinensis ) (MBT) is a protected species and prohibited in Muslim foods and
medicines. Despite having medicinal values, turtles are reservoirs of heavy metals and potential carriers
of health-threatening microbes and allergens. To monitor turtle traffcking, there is a need of a convenient and
reliable method for the quantitative tracing of turtle materials in food chain and medicines. Several polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) assays have been proposed for the detection of MBT species under various routes but they
are based on long-length targets which break down under the state of decomposition, making them unsuitable
for the forensic and archaeological detection in food chain, medicines and other potential routes. To overcome
this research gap, for the first time, we developed and validated a short length DNA marker for the qualitative
and quantitative detection of MBT tissues by Conventional PCR, PCR-RFLP and SYBR green real-time PCR
systems. It combined a 120 bp-site of the MBT mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and a 141bp-site of 18S rRNA
gene as the universal marker for the eukaryotes. The assay specificity was checked against 20 different species
and biomarker stability was tested under various food processing conditions, including boiling, autoclaving and
micro oven heating under pure, admixed and commercial food matrices. The limit of detection (LOD) of the
conventional PCR and PCR-RFLP assays was 0.0001 ng MBT DNA under pure state and 0.01% (w/w) MBT
meat under admixed and commercial matrices. In contrast, the LOD of the SYBR green duplex PCR system
was 0.00001 ng DNA and 0.001% (w/w) MBT meat under mixed matrices. PCR amplified target was further
validated by sequencing and restriction digestion with Bfa1 endonuclease and distinctive fingerprints (72, 43
and 5 bp) were obtained. The MBT target was further quantified by a duplex SYBR green real time PCR system
consisting of MBT target and internal positive control, wherein the melting curve clearly reflected two distinctive
peaks at 74.63±0.22°C and 81.40±0.31°C for the MBT and eukaryotic targets, respectively, under pure, admixed
and commercial matrices. The quantification limit (ng) was 0.00001for pure meat, 0.0030±0.00001 for binary
mixtures, 0.0021±0.00008 for meatball, 0.0042±0.0037 burger and 0.0013±0.00006 frankfurter products. The
analysis of 150 reference meat samples reflected 98.19 to 166.57 % target recovery, 92.23-98.15 % PCR efficiency
and 0.001% LOD under various matrices. A total of 183 commercial meat products were screened but no turtle
contamination was found. Finally, 153 and 120 TCM samples were surveyed by PCR-RFLP and SYBR Green
PCR and 40% and 23% of them were found to be MBT-positive (0.00157 to 0.0612 ng/µL), respectively. These
authentications provided better security, firstly, through short-length biomarker target which offer extraordinary
stability and sensitivity and secondly, through molecular fingerprints which authenticated the post-amplified
target by restriction digestion. Thus, the novel assay demonstrated sufficient merit for use in any forensic and/or
archaeological authentication of MBT, even under a state of decomposition.
Biography
Asing is a graduate student at University of Malaya, Malaysia and he is working under the supervision of Dr Md Eaqub Ali.