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International Journal of HIV and AIDS research
Page 10
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International Conference on
September 21-22, 2017 San Antonio, TX, USA
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases, AIDS and Parasitic Infections
Parasitology, Infectious Diseases, STDs and STIs
Helieh S Oz
UK Medical Center, USA
Neglected opportunistic diseases of disparity: Chagas and toxoplasmosis commonality,
sexual to congenital transmission and therapeutic modalities
Chagas disease burdens millions of people in Latin America (22% congenital) and threatens those in Southern
States and California as an emerging disease in USA Trypanosoma Cruzi ( T. Cruzi) is important cause
of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular disease. It is transmitted by Triatoma vector, congenital and sexual or
via blood transfusion. Acute infectious inflammatory disease is accompanied by a chronic asymptomatic stage;
however, 20% to 40% of infected individuals ultimately develop chronic cardiomyopathy and megacolon due
to immunosuppression or aging. Center for Disease Control (CDC) reports Chagas as a hidden public health
risk with over 300,000 people living in U.S.A borders (>30,000 in Los Angeles) to be infected with T. cruzi.
Amongst 2000 cardiac surgeries in Houston, TX 0.05% cases and 2.7% of Hispanic patients were found to be
infected mostly due to contaminated blood transfusion. In Brazil about 5% of HIV patients had a coinfection with
T. Cruzi . Chagas coinfection in AIDS/HIV patients manifests as central nervous system involvement which is
detected mostly after death. Toxoplasmosis is another opportunistic organism with an estimated 1.5 billion people
globally predicted to be infected. Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important congenital disorders, inflammatory
syndromes as well as foodborne illnesses and hospitalization. Toxoplasma is transmitted by contaminated food
and animal products (cysts form), water, fruits, vegetables (oocysts), maternally or sexually acquired through
semen (tachyzoites). Toxoplasmosis is also a neglected disease of poverty and prominent in rural areas. Similar
to T. Cruzi, Toxoplasma causes a complex immune-inflammatory reaction in vital organs with the surge of
chemokines and cytokines. Subsequent acute phase, the organisms lodge in cyst forms predominantly in muscles
and CNS awaiting reactivation due to immunosuppression or AIDS/HIV. Toxoplasma infects all nucleated cells
with a specific tropism for central nervous system and a mind altering, psycho-behavior and fatal attraction.
Toxoplasma impairs neurons responsible for instinct defensive and judgment behaviors adjacent to limbic regions
of sexual desire. Pregnant mom with newly acquired acute or reactivated toxoplasmosis transmits organism
via placenta to her fetus with grave life threatening consequences. Current available therapies are inefficient or
have severe side effects in congenital and chronic toxoplasmosis. There is an urgent need for safe and effective
therapeutic modalities against toxoplasmosis as well as possible effective vaccines to eliminate the infectious
agents in definitive host. This presentation will include some of the speaker’s investigations in the field as well
as transmission, immunomodulation, and pathogenesis of Chagas and toxoplasmosis; to discuss current available
treatments in practice, and to explore experimental therapies for potential future clinical trials.
Biography
Helieh S Oz has DVM, MS (U IL); PhD (U MN) and clinical translational research certificate (UK Med Center). She is an active member of American Associ-
ation of Gastroenterology (AGA) and AGA Fellow (AGAF). She is a Microbiologist with expertise in infectious and inflammatory diseases, drug discoveries,
pathogenesis, innate/mucosal immunity, molecular biology, and micronutrient. She has over 90 publications in areas of chronic inflammatory disorders (e.g.
pancreatitis, hepatitis, colitis), and infectious diseases (e.g., Toxoplasmosis, Trypanosomasis, Babesiosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia). She has served as Lead Ed-
itor for special issues, gut inflammatory, infectious diseases and nutrition (Mediators Inflammation 2017); nutrients, infectious/inflammatory diseases ( Nutrients
2017); Gastrointestinal inflammation and repair: Role of microbiome, infection, nutrition (Gastroenterology Research Practice 2016), and Co-Editor for parasitic
infections in pediatric clinical practice (J. Pediatric Infectious Disease ) and Member of Editorial Board and avid reviewer for several peer-reviewed journals.